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Field's Virology [2 vols] - PDF Free Download
SECTIONII|SPECIFICVIRUSFAMILIES 3′nested subgenomic messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This last property has provided the name for the order, which comes from the Latin nido, for “nest” It should be noted that the replicative similarities among the three nidovirus families are Fields Virology, 6th Ed (PDF) (Tahir99) VRG | Health Care Field's Virology [2 vols] Author: David M. Knipe | Peter M. Howley. downloads Views 89MB Size Report. This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove
Fields virology 6th edition pdf free download
C CHHAAP PT TE ER R28Paul S. Members of this family wereisolated as early as the s as the causative agents of infectiousbronchitis in chickens,25 transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs,and severe hepatitis and neurologic diseases in mice. Theirmost notable common feature, revealed by electron microscopy,was a fringe of widely spaced, club shaped spikes that projectedfrom the virion surface; these spikes were morphologicallydistinct from the surface projections of ortho and paramyxo viruses.
The halo of spikes was described as giving the viral par ticle the appearance of the solar corona, which prompted thename that was adopted for this new virus group. In humans, twocoronaviruses were known to be responsible for a substantialfraction of common colds, particularly those that circulate inwinter months.
This situation changed dramatically with theemergence in of a devastating new human disease, severeacute respiratory syndrome SARSwhich was fields virology 6th edition pdf free download by a previously unknown coronavirus. The roniviruses, which infect shrimp, and a very recently isolated mosquito-borne virus, which is not yet classiied, arecurrently the only members of the order having invertebratehosts.
Nidoviruses are membrane-enveloped, nonsegmentedpositive-strand RNA viruses that are set apart from other RNAviruses by certain distinctive characteristics.
Taxonomy of the order Nidovirales. Coronaviruses are now classiied as one of two subfamilies Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae see Fig. The other subfamily, Torovirinae, includes the toroviruses,which are pathogens of cattle, horses, and swine, and thebainiviruses, whose sole member is the only nidovirus currently known to infect ish.
Coronaviruses have long been sorted into three groups, originally on the basis of serologic relationships and, fields virology 6th edition pdf free download, subsequently,on the basis of phylogenetic clustering.
The ICTV classiications have also established rigorous criteria for coronavirusspecies deinitions, in a manner consistent with those used forother viral families. As a consequence, some viruses previouslyconsidered to be separate species are currently recognized as asingle species—for example, the viruses now grouped withinalphacoronavirus 1 or betacoronavirus 1 Table Additionally, the new classiication criteria resolve any previousuncertainty about the taxonomic assignment of the virus thatcaused SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus[SARS-CoV] as a ost all alpha- and betacoronaviruses have mammalian hosts.
In contrast, the gammacoronaviruses, with a singleexception, have been isolated from avian hosts. Several of theviruses listed in Table Thefocus on these viruses came about largely because they wereamenable to isolation and growth in tissue culture.
However,sincemolecular surveillance and genomics efforts initiated in the wake of the SARS epidemic have led to the discovery of a multitude of previously unknown coronaviruses thatnow constitute most members of this subfamily. Diverse coronaviruses have been described from bats, principally in Asia but also in Africa, Europe, and North and SouthAmerica.
These viruses include likely predecessors of SARSCoV, but also four unique species of alphacoronavirusesand three species of betacoronaviruses, fields virology 6th edition pdf free download.
Birds have also provento be a rich source of new viruses. Novel avian coronaviruseshave been found to infect geese, pigeons, and ducks, andhighly divergent coronaviruses recently identiied in bulbuls,thrushes, and munias have the potential to deine a fourthgenus fields virology 6th edition pdf free download the Coronavirinae. It has been proposed that bats andbirds are ideally suited as reservoirs for the incubation and evolution of coronaviruses, owing to their common ability to lyand their propensity to roost and lock.
The most categorically harmful of these, SARS-CoV,which is discussed at length later in this chapter, does not currently infect the human population. The remaining four humancoronaviruses HCoVsthe alphacoronaviruses HCoVEand HCoV-NL63, and the betacoronaviruses HCoV-OC43and HCoV-HKU1, typically cause common colds.
Remarkably, HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-HKU1 were only discoveredrecently, in the post-SARS era, despite the fact that eachhas a worldwide prevalence and has been in circulation fora long time. In particular, HCoV-NL63 is fields virology 6th edition pdf free download associatedwith childhood croup, and the most severe HCoV-HKU1,-OC43, and E infections are manifest in patients withother underlying illnesses. In the earlier literature,viral particles were reported to have average diameters of 80 to nm but were far from uniform, with extreme sizes from50 to nm.
Some of the variation in particle size and shape was likely attributable to stresses exerted byvirion puriication or distortions introduced by negative staining of samples for electron microscopy, fields virology 6th edition pdf free download. More recent studies,employing cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography,21,30, have produced images e, fields virology 6th edition pdf free download. Novel viruses that have not yet been formally classified include Bulbul coronavirus HKU11,Thrush coronavirus HKU12, Munia coronavirus HKU13, Asian leopard cat coronavirus, and Mink coronavirus.
cOther viruses included in the species Betacoronavirus 1 are Human enteric coronavirus HECoV and Canine respiratory coronavirus CRCoVfor which only partial genomicsequences are available. dOther viruses included in the species Murine coronavirus are Puffinosis virus PCoV and Sialodacryoadenitis virus SDAVfor which only partial genomic sequences areavailable.
eOther viruses included in the species Avian coronavirus are Pheasant coronavirus PhCoVGoose coronavirus GCoVPigeon coronavirus PCoVand Duck coronavirus DCoVfor which only partial genomic sequences are available. These studies, which examined a number of alpha and betacoronaviruses, converge on mean particle diameters of to nm, including the contributions of the spikes, whichproject some 16 to 21 nm from the virion envelope.
Enclosed within the virion envelope is the nucleocapsid—a ribonucleoprotein that contains the viral genome. The struc ture of this component is relatively obscure in images of wholevirions; however, its makeup has been partially displayed byelectron micrographs of spontaneously disrupted virions orof virions solubilized with nonionic detergents. Coronavirus structure. A: Cryo-electron tomographic image of purified virions of mouse hepatitis virus MHVreconstructed as described in reference Courtesy of Benjamin Neuman, David Bhella, and Stanley Sawicki.
B: Schematic showing themajor structural proteins of the coronavirus virion: S, spike protein; M, membrane protein; E, envelope protein; and N, nucleocapsid protein. Helical symmetry is common for negative strand RNA virusnucleocapsids, although it is highly unusual for positive strandRNA animal viruses, almost all of which have icosahedral cap sids.
The best resolved images of the coronavirus nucleocapsid,which were obtained with HCoV E, showed ilamentousstructures 9 to 13 nm in diameter, with 3- to 4-nm-widecentral canals59; these ilaments were thinner and less sharplysegmented than paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. However,widely ranging and sometimes discrepant parameters havebeen reported for the nucleocapsids of other coronaviruses,varying with both the viral species and the method of preparation.
More recentcoronavirus ultrastructural studies suggest that when packagedwithin the virion envelope, the helical nucleocapsid is quitelexible, forming coils and other structures that fold back onthemselves. The distinctive surface spikes of coronaviruses are composed of trimers of S molecules. The S monomeris a transmembrane protein of to kDa, composed ofa very large N-terminal ectodomain and a tiny C-terminalendodomain Fig. This protein is inserted, via a cleavedsignal peptide,62 into the endoplasmic reticulum ERwhereit obtains N-linked glycosylation increasing its mass by some40 kDa.
In many beta- and gammacoronaviruses e. Correspondingly, in coronaviruses that do not have detectably cleavedmature S proteins, the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of themolecule are also designated S1 and S2, respectively. S proteincleavage occurs immediately downstream of a highly basic pentapeptide motif,2,62, and the extent of proteolysis correlateswith the number of positively charged residues in the motif.
A complete high-resolution structure has not yet beendetermined for any coronavirus S protein, although a cryoelectron microscopic reconstruction of the SARS-CoV Sprotein is available,30 and partial crystal structures have beensolved for particular S protein domains. The narrow stalk of thespike, distancing the bulb from the membrane, is a coiled-coilstructure formed by association of heptad repeat regions HR1and HR2 of the S2 domains of monomers see Fig.
The most abundant structural protein in coronaviruses—the M protein,—gives the virion envelope its shape. TheM monomer, which ranges from 25 to 30 kDa, is a polytopicmembrane protein that is embedded in the envelope by threetransmembrane domains. Although it is inserted co-translationally into the ER membrane, fields virology 6th edition pdf free download, the M protein generally doesnot bear an amino-terminal signal peptide. Home Fields Virology, 6th Edition.
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22/09/ · Fields Virology 6th Edition Pdf. Fields Virology is the authoritative reference book for virology, providing definitive coverage of all aspects of virology, including thorough coverage of virus biology as well as replication and medical aspects of specific virus families. With the regular outbreaks of influenza, noroviruses as well as other 7/02/ · Fields Virology 6th Edition written by David M. Knipe & Peter M. Howley is a great book for Virology studies available in ebook (PDF) free download. In the early s, Bernie Fields originated the idea of a virology reference textbook that combined the viral replication molecular aspects with the viral infections medical blogger.comn: 6th Edition (Two Volume Set) Download PDF Fields Virology, 2-Volume Set, 6th Edition (ORIGINAL PDF from Publisher)
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